Rosalynn Carter Quotes

Rosalynn Carter, US First Lady 1977-1981, was an active campaigner for her husband, and an advisor and consultant to him. She managed the family business during much of his political career. Her focus as First Lady was mental health reform. Selected Rosalynn Carter Quotations †¢ Do what you can to show you care about other people, and you will make our world a better place. †¢ If you doubt you can accomplish something, then you cant accomplish it. You have to have confidence in your ability, and then be tough enough to follow through. †¢ A leader takes people where they want to go. A great leader takes people where they dont necessarily want to go, but ought to be. †¢ Times of upheaval require not just more leadership but more leaders. People at all organizational levels, whether anointed or self-appointed, must be empowered to share leadership responsibilities. †¢ There is clearly much left to be done, and whatever else we are going to do, we had better get on with it. †¢ I think I am the person closest to the President of the United States, and if I can help him understand the countries of the world, then thats what I intend to do. †¢ I had already learned from more than a decade of political life that I was going to be criticized no matter what I did, so I might as well be criticized for something I wanted to do. †¢ Jimmy will let me assume as much responsibility as I will.... Jimmy has always said that we -- the children and myself -- can do anything. †¢ Jimmys sister Ruth was my best friend and she had a picture of him on the wall in her bedroom. I just thought he was the most handsome young man Id ever seen. One day I confessed to her that I wished she let me take that photograph home. Because I just thought I had fallen in love with Jimmy Carter. †¢ (About her husbands naval service when he was away at sea) I learned to be very independent. I could take care of myself and the baby and do things that I never dreamed I would be able to do alone. †¢ (About her role in the familys peanut and warehouse business) He asked me to come and keep the office. And I had a friend who had taught an accounting course in the vocational technical school and she gave me a set of accounting books. I began to study accounting. I began to keep the books. And it was not too long before I knew actually as much or more about the business on paper than he did. †¢ There was no way I could understand our defeat. I had to grieve over our loss before I could look to the future. Where could our lives possibly be as meaningful as they might have been in the White House? †¢ If we have not achieved our early dreams, we must either find new ones or see what we can salvage from the old. If we have accomplished what we set out to do in our youth, we need not weep like Alexander the Great that we have no more worlds to conquer. †¢ You must accept that you might fail; then, if you do your best and still dont win, at least you can be satisfied that youve tried. If you dont accept failure as a possibility, you dont set high goals, and you dont branch out, you dont try -- you dont take the risk. †¢ Dont worry about polls, but if you do, dont admit it. †¢ Informed journalists can have a significant impact on public understanding of mental health issues, as they shape debate and trends with the words and pictures they convey.... They influence their peers and stimulate discussion among the general public, and an informed public can reduce stigma and discrimination. †¢ There is nothing more important than a good, safe, secure home. †¢ (President Jimmy Carter about Rosalynn Carter) Theres very seldom a decision that I make that I dont discuss with -- either to tell her after the fact what Ive done, or, very frequently, to tell her my options and seek her advice.

How Can Technology Play A Role - 1128 Words

Conduct an online search to find information about the challenges related to business writing. Write an essay that describes your findings. At a minimum, address the following items: - What are the challenges you identified? - Identify at least one of the challenges that you experience in your own writing efforts. - How can technology play a role in addressing these challenges? In every business perspective many people would say business writing can be one of the most challenging endeavors one could possible face. This is because when starting to format a written message there’s plenty of related information to be considered. While browsing through the internet as to the reasons why people fell writing a business message has its down falls, I came across many different challenges described by others that are imperative when writing any form of a business message. Like for instance, â€Å"what are you trying to gain, to what audience are you referring too, what type of questions are going to be asked, how are you going to compile your thoughts and ideas; and how will you make it stay simple and brief† (Mize, 2015, para. 1). Well, before just jumping in and beginning to conduct any type of business writing, there are steps to follow; like to structuring the best business writing one could possibly compile. One of those is too having a set method, or plan to whom will be included in this correspondence. Secondly, you need to be honest while using your techniques to reachShow MoreRelatedI Am A New Teacher912 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat experience. The first component involves the role of the teacher, the second involves the role of the student him/herself, the third  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬component involves the role of the family and the community, and the last component involves the use of technology in today’s classroom. As one of the components within the football game of education, the teacher has a specific role to contribute. The teacher’s role is like that of a football coach. The role of a football coach is to create the right conditionsRead MoreDoes Technology Affect Our Society?1315 Words   |  6 Pages1. What role does technology play in US society in relation to bias, discrimination, and power? What specific examples of discrimination related to race, ethnicity, gender, and disability can you see in our society that has been enabled or exacerbated by technology? Technology plays multiple roles in US society in relation to bias, discrimination, and power, some of which are: 1) altering our very understanding of the concept of race through the use of media on the Internet 2) fostering an environmentRead MoreHow Information Technology Is Changing Organizations1626 Words   |  7 Pages 1. 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Hotel Hilton Free Essays

The Hilton Worldwide Performance Advantage is an integrated system of innovative solutions and advanced technologies that work together to drive increased business and keep costs down, without comprising quality. Together, these seven services provide access to the latest tools, technologies, forward-thinking strategies, and the most influential people in the industry to create an unrivaled competitive advantage. Hilton Performance Advantage Benefits The Hilton Performance Advantage combines the power of scale, access, reputation, and innovation—delivered by the world’s premier hospitality company. We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel Hilton or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our system provides powerful resources across our portfolio of brands, delivering leading edge solutions to consistently drive profits and efficiencies. This solution creates a higher share of wallet, guest loyalty, and leading innovation making it easier for on-site personnel to focus on delivering a superior guest experience. Hilton Performance Advantage Services Hilton HHonorsâ„ ¢ Hilton HHonors is the award-winning guest-loyalty program for Hilton Worldwide’s ten distinct hotel brands, honoring its 27 million members by allowing them to turn points into experiences worth sharing. Learn more Hilton Worldwide Sales (HWS) A team of professionals are ready to help you build influential customer relationships and meet the demands of today’s Corporate, Group, and Leisure travelers. Hilton Reservations Customer Care (HRCC) Experienced team members provide 24-hour, multi-language global coverage in an effort to support and deliver business to your property. Global Online Services Reach travelers at every opportunity with the latest mobile, search, and online channels that place your property at their fingertips. Revenue Management Consolidated Center (RMCC) Revenue Management supports you in maximizing market share through price optimization, inventory channel management. Information Technology (IT) Technology is the foundation of the Hilton Performance Advantage, offering both you and your guests access to technology solutions such as reservations, Internet access, and entertainment. Hilton Supply Management (HSM) Our seasoned team secures you the best pricing, highest quality, and fastest delivery of the products and services your Hilton property needs. How to cite Hotel Hilton, Papers

Strategic Outsource Decisions Manufacturers -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Is Strategic Outsourcing The Most Widely Used And Trusted Level Of Outsourcing Practices? What Are The Various Negatives Of The Strategic Outsourcing? What Practices Are Used By Organizations To Have A Greater Control Over The Outsourced Work? Does Outsourcing Lead To Loss Of Quality In The Final Product Or Service? Answers: Introduction Outsourcing in the general sense refers to the transfer of certain processes, which were previously taken care of by the company internally, to the organizations in a distant land so that the process becomes cheaper and faster (Dolgui Proth, 2013). However, it is sharing of work but outsourcing is a lot different from subcontracting or joint manufacturing (Guers, Martin Wybo, 2014). The primary motive that drives organizations to move towards outsourcing is the benefit of cost reduction that is huge and reduces the annual expenses subsequently for the company. The benefits are in plenty but such a process is not without its drawbacks. The aim of this research proposal is to focus on the areas that prove to be advantageous to the company and the areas that auditing threat to the company when strategic outsourcing is used in practice. The proposed research method will lead to collection of both primary and secondary data that will be taken into account to understand the various impli cations that outsourcing can have both positive as well as negative in its nature. Project Objectives The objective of this research proposal is to gain an insight into the benefits and drawbacks that are posed by outsourcing. The research proposal will look at the various possible results both positive and negative that can incur with the practice of strategic outsourcing. The issue of quality, company image, cost effectiveness and also the amount of failure in outsourcing process, all will be taken into account to understand the process of outsourcing in totality. The various levels of outsourcing will be evaluated to find out the effectiveness of strategic outsourcing practice over the other prevalent practices. Project Scope The research proposal will look at the literature review of the process of outsourcing and try to get hold of the various factors that are associated with it. The literature review will help in establishing the research question and hypothesis (Machi McEvoy, 2016). The various pros and cons will allow designing the research that will be conducted in the future in order to understand the various merit and demerits of strategic outsourcing and the level of acceptance it has attained among the various organizations. Literature review The focus of this section is to provide a brief of the literature of the topic and finding out the possible gaps in the literature (Gallouj Zanfei, 2013). Nowadays, outsourcing has been a practice that is used by every company to get their work done by other organizations present in away locations. The features of outsourcing have many advantages and disadvantages that are brought to focus by previous researches that were done on the same topic. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing are- Outsourcing effectively brings down the cost of operation for a company. Organizations outsource their secondary work processes to places where the cost of resource is low. Developed countries outsource the work to developing countries because the cost of labor is low in those parts of the world (Anwar, 2013). Companies like IBM have successfully done this and passed on their secondary works to countries like India and this has led to the reduction in the costs and the company has went to top position in the current market. Experts do the work when it is outsourced because outsourcing firms hire experts to deal with the work that pours in. The cost of developing expertise in the needed labor force is way higher and hence outsourcing the work to expert results in better quality of work being done for the company (Schwarz, 2014). Outsourcing enhances the effectiveness of the work force because the non-core activities are outsourced and the primary workforce can focus entirely on the core activities of the company (Schniederjans, Schniederjans Schniederjans, 2015). This leads to better quality in the services of the company. The control over the outsourcing firms is much stipulated and hence it cannot be assured that always the organization will work according to the terms of the organization that is outsourcing its work. The management has no control and hence it leads to the reduction in the quality of work because there is no such quality check before the work is passed on in the final stage (Goetsch Davis, 2014). This a huge disadvantage and it leads to the damage of the companys reputation in the market due to the supply of poor quality products, which are partly due to the outsourced material or service. Employment levels take a hit when the work is outsourced in bulks. The unemployed population may be capable of doing the work but they are not given any opportunity to work and are hence left unemployed because all such work are already outsourced due to the low cost in other countries (Bandyopadhyay, Marjit Yang, 2014). This is a prime scenario in countries like Australia. The literature gap lies in understanding that apart from the various advantages and disadvantages that are present in the process, it a factor to decide that which level of outsourcing should be selected by the company in order to gain the most benefit from it. The various levels of outsourcing are- Tactical Outsourcing- This level of outsourcing depends mainly on making the decision based on the factor of cost. Lack of monetary resources, lead the companies to selecting this level of outsourcing. Strategic outsourcing brings about obvious benefits as improved money reserve funds, limiting the requirement for future ventures and settling staffing issues (Hodari, Waldthausen Sturman, 2014). Large organizations undertake such outsourcing techniques for their HR administration, payroll activities or logistics. Strategic Outsourcing- This is the most effective level of outsourcing and all the successful operations turn to this for optimizing their performance in the market. In this level, the company aligns the focus of the workers according to the primary motives of the company (Xiao, Xia Zhang, 2014). This leads to long-term value returns for the company and allows the best services to represent the company. Transformational Outsourcing- This gives the business a new definition and enables the company to create sustainable advantage over its competitors and gain higher profit to maintain the peak position in the market (Lacity Willcocks, 2013). These levels are all inclusive of various risks that may result to loss for the company but still most of the companies prefer the first two levels despite knowing the risks because they ensure long-term benefit and direct cost reduction in the process. While outsourcing any work, it always should be noted that the place to which the work is being outsourced should have all the resources that will result to benefit of the organization. If the resource base is inadequate then it will be ineffective in producing good quality of work in the days to come and the company shall eventually face a loss by outsourcing the work. Research Design and Methodology Data will be collected from small sample groups belonging to two different organizations, which use two different levels of outsourcing. According to Neuman (2013), qualitative data is collected in small sets by conducting interviews. The interview for this research will be conducted among the top managers of two different organizations and the answers are expected to reflect the quality that is prevalent in the work scenario. Quantitative research In this method, numerical data will be collected from the organizations archived database about the profit and loss that has been incurred due to outsourcing (Neuman, 2013). The employee survey will be conducted to find out their satisfaction and the overall work environment in the two different organizations that use two different levels of outsourcing out of which one should use Strategic outsourcing. Both the methods will be used to get a conclusion on the research questions that are proposed in this research proposal. Research limitation The sample size and variety will be small because only two companies will be taken for conducting the research. Less number of people is in the managerial posts and hence the sample size for certain interviews will be too small to get a larger picture (Neuman, 2013). The data that will be taken into account for the analysis from the database of the organization may be biased and manipulated in order to project a better image of the company to the public. The respondents who belong to the managerial rank will provide bias response when they will be asked about the employee satisfaction and company growth in the recent years because negative feedback from them will put light on their inability to run the company successfully. The budget of the research is very limited and hence that will restrict the number of companies that will be surveyed. The low budget will restrict travelling to other destinations to get the data for better understanding of the situation in respect to outsourcing practices around the globe. Time Schedule The first month of the schedule will go into finalizing the topic for the research and the subsequent months will go in gathering the data from various sources. From the 3rd month onwards, the literature review shall be conducted to get a better idea about the grounds that are to be covered in the research. The final stages will include analyzing the project and concluding it along with making a rough draft to be submitted. All this will be done roughly in a period of 6-7 months. Conclusion To conclude, the practice of outsourcing can lead to various outcomes which can have all sort of implications to an organizations progress. The research is expected to conclude in favor of the practices of strategic outsourcing but there are many section that will arise as the data is analyzed after being collected from the relevant sources. Outsourcing is a major practice that is present in all organizations in some form or the other. The various processes are being outsourced to enable a faster rate of work and increase the performance of the workers by making them focus on issues that are core in their nature. The outsourcing has led to many failures too and the entire conclusion can be drawn once the research is completed and a wider answer is provided to the proposed research question. Reference list Anwar, S. (2013). Outsourcing and the skilledunskilled wage gap. Economics Letters,118(2), 347-350. Bandyopadhyay, S., Marjit, S., Yang, L. (2014). International oligopoly, barriers to outsourcing and domestic employment.Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique,47(4), 1372-1386. Dolgui, A., Proth, J. M. (2013). Outsourcing: definitions and analysis.International Journal of Production Research,51(23-24), 6769-6777. Gallouj, F., Zanfei, A. (2013). Innovation in public services: Filling a gap in the literature.Structural change and economic dynamics,27, 89-97. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Guers, C., Martin, C., Wybo, J. L. (2014, September). The impact of the use of subcontracting on organizational reliability and safety. In24th European Safety and Reliability Conference-ESREL 2014(pp. 1027-1035). London, Taylor Francis Group. Hodari, D., Waldthausen, V., Sturman, M. (2014). Outsourcing and role stress: An empirical study of hotel spa managers.International Journal of Hospitality Management,37, 190-199. Lacity, M. C., Willcocks, L. P. (2013). Outsourcing business processes for innovation.MIT Sloan management review,54(3), 63. Machi, L. A., McEvoy, B. T. (2016).The literature review: Six steps to success. Corwin Press. Neuman, W. L. (2013).Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Schniederjans, M. J., Schniederjans, A. M., Schniederjans, D. G. (2015).Outsourcing and insourcing in an international context. Routledge. Schwarz, C. (2014). Toward an understanding of the nature and conceptualization of outsourcing success.Information Management,51(1), 152-164. Xiao, T., Xia, Y., Zhang, G. P. (2014). Strategic outsourcing decisions for manufacturers competing on product quality.Iie Transactions,46(4), 313-329.

Skype the Perfect Freemium Model Essay Example

Skype the Perfect Freemium Model Paper The perfect FREEMIUM model 11/24/2010 Petra Sanyova BCi08: 5th semester: e-Marketing The Freemium Model The term freemium is a coined term, derived from words ‘free’ and ‘premium’. This term stands for an expanding business model where companies are making profits from selling premium products to a small percentage of their total users. Although the majority of the users is not paying anything for the product, companies still has possibility to be highly profitable, and they usually are. The business where only 5-10% of customers generate revenue could not run profitably under traditional conditions. The change was caused by numerous innovations in the field of digital production, as well as internet distribution. Due to these technological progresses, companies are able to copy and distribute free products to many customers at very low costs. Skype â€Å"Skype is software that enables the world’s conversations. † Millions of people make video or voice calls, send instant messages and share files through this program. The majority of them do so with no charge at all. The only prerequisite, to be able to use this software, is that both parties who would like to communicate need to have the program installed and running. Skype was established in 2003, with its headquarters being in Luxemburg. Its founders Niklas Zennstrom and Janus Friis are still partial owners together with investor group led by Silver Lake (that also owns eBay), the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board and Andreessen Horowitz. Since the establishment – the first version of the program, Skype never stopped to grow and is still introducing new updates, features etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Skype the Perfect Freemium Model specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Skype the Perfect Freemium Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Skype the Perfect Freemium Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When it comes to its community, the Skype changed from a small unknown program into a program used daily by millions of people with many features. Lately everybody is impressed with the number of Facebook users; nevertheless in the end of year 2009, Skype had 160 million more registered users than Facebook, which in numbers is 560 million. According to the quarterly updates the company issues, it added 39 million registered users in the last quarter of 2009 only. This stands for 6% growth rate in the maturity phase of the product! 36. billion minutes of Skype-to-Skype calls were recorded in these last three months of 2009, adding to get 250 billion minutes of these calls recorded overall. Still in 2009 only, this number accounted for 12% of the world’s international calls. About 23 million users are logged into Skype at its peak times. (I am logged in just as a write this paper. ) Skype is international software, offered in 29 languages and used almost in every single country of the world. Skype offers a variety of features to all its users, with the main feature being Skype-to-Skype calls free of charge. To improve the customers’ experience while calling, it introduced many additional features as: conference calling, video calling and group video calling. Moreover Skype is effectively used for instant messaging and sharing various files; screen sharing included. One of the latest introduced features is called ‘Facebook News Feed and Phonebook’ which enables users to call friends directly from a Facebook News Feed and Phonebook in Skype. Although this all is offered by Skype to its users for free, it does not indicate company’s irrationality. Just because products are free, does not mean companies are not profitable. Google is a great example of this; and however slightly different, Skype is as well. The point is to broaden the classic view of a market from only two parties (buyer and seller) to more parties, from which only few exchange money. The most common model is the three-party system. The third party pays to participate in the system, the first two created by a free exchange between each other. The success of charging nothing for something lies in understanding of the psychological gap between ‘almost zero’ and ‘zero’. As all the other members are needed to create the environment, for others to pay for, it is essential to attract as many people as possible. While the costs are insignificant and free is a word appealing to almost everybody, giving away the product to 90% of customers is reasonable. The rest 10% then consist of the customers who opted for a premium account and they generate revenues. Pareto principle applies This is the case of Skype too. The third party consists of the premium users, who are actually paying for additional features available in premium accounts. This group of users accounts to 6% of its all active users generating over 777 million dollars a year. The additional features, they are then enabled to use are: Skype-to-landlines/mobiles, voicemail, call forwarding, call transfer and text messaging. The user also gets his/her own online number so the landlines/mobiles-to-Skype calls are then also possible. Skype specific success can be accredited not only to the great idea that is making people’s lives easier, but to the way its entire business model is set up: [ 1 ]. SKYPE business model Partners:- Phone manufacturers- Online Platforms| Key activities:-Software development- Integration with new platforms- Marketing| Value proposition:- Free VoIP and video calling- Internet based communication| Relationships:- Appreciative user base- Thanks to free download- Automated with online profiles| Customers:-Not fragmented| | Key resources:- Software- Brand| | Distribution and acquisition channels: Online| | Cost structure:- Very low maintenance cost- Software development| Revenue streams / pricing:- Sale of complimentary items- 7-8% conversion rate from free| And no argument there, that it is set up brilliantly. Conclusion Skype, together with Flickr and LinkedIn, is one of the most successful companies, operating under the freemium model. As was already mentioned, Skype uses three-party model, in which the Pareto principle applies – small percentage of a customers pay to get a premium, covering the cost of the majority of users not charged and still generating the revenues. The reason for this is the almost zero maintenance cost, thanks to technological advancements. For people to purchase the premium accounts is important that the system created is stable and large enough, and so Skype is doing great job in attracting these basic users. By giving the program for free and updating it regularly it does not create only large user base, but an appreciative one. As Skype is a program, which with its features, benefits the ordinary users and possibly save them money – this group is thankful. Being thankful for Skype means being loyal and having overall positive attitudes towards the brand; which is another big asset of Skype. Nowadays it stands for a international brand, which is widely recognized. If company can keep up the conversion ratio, remain popular and hand off the possible threads from new competitors or telecommunication companies; its sustainability of the freemium model can be proved.

Suffering in Crime and Punishment Essays - English-language Films

Suffering in Crime and Punishment Essays - English-language Films Suffering in Crime and Punishment In the novel Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, suffering is an integral part of every characters role. However, the message that Dostoevsky wants to present with the main character, Raskolnikov, is not one of the Christian idea of salvation through suffering. Rather, it appears to me, as if the author never lets his main character suffer mentally throughout the novel, in relation to the crime, that is. His only pain seems to be physical sicknes. Raskolnikov commits a premeditated murder in a state of delirium. He ends up committing a second murder, which he never ever wanted to be responsible for. He kills Lizaveta, an exceedingly innocent person. But does the author ever remind us of the murder at any time in the novel again? Not in the physical sense of the crime itself. The reader doesnt hear about how heavily the murders are weighing on his heart, or how he is tormented by visions of the crime. He doesnt feel the least bit guilty about having committed the crime, only his prides hurt. He doesnt mention the idea of the pain that might arise from recurrent visions of the crime. Raskolnikov never again recalls the massive amounts of blood everywhere, the look on Lizavetas face when he brings down the axe on her head. These things clearly show that the crime isnt what might cause him suffering, or pain, it is something else. After Raskolnikov is sent off to Siberia, he doesnt feel remorseful. His feelings havent changed about his crime, he feels bad at not being able to living up to his own ideas of greatness. He grows depressed only when he learns of his mothers death. Raskolnikov still hasnt found any reason to feel remorse for his crimes. He takes Siberia as his punishment, because of how annoying it is to go through all these formalities, and ridicularities that it entails. Yet, he actually feels more comfortable in Siberia than in his home in St. Petersburg. Its more comfortable, and has better living conditions than his own home. But he isnt free to do whatever he likes. But this does not contradict what Ive said before. He doesnt view Siberia as suffering, but he does view it as punishment, because he would rather not have to go through seven years in his prison cell. His theory of the extraordinary, and the ordinary is something he has to follow and adhere to . His necessity to suffer is a part of his necessity to fulfill his unknown criteria to be extraordinary. His suffering, if any, is purely superficial. The idea of suffering has to be heartfelt and well-specified. Raskolnikovs suffering is never spoken about, mainly because there is none. Even Raskolnikov views his turning himself in as a blunder, because he couldnt take the heat. It is obvious that Raskolnikov never seems to be in a pit of despair from all the suffering he has to face from the effect of the murder. One might argue that Raskolnikovs illnesses arise from his guilt and remorse for the crimes, but that doesnt appear possible. Since the character never cites the murder for his sickness. In fact, Raskolnikov fell immediately sick after committing the murder. How could he struck by guilt five seconds after committing the murder when he hasnt even had a chance to see what events have just occurred? There is not a single instance when Raskolnikov, or the author for that matter, ever cite the dramatic effect of the murders on Raskolnikovs conscience for his terrible illness. NOTHING in the novel would even imply that he feels remorse about committing the murders, it is just a silly idea that has been implanted in peoples minds and the seed has spread too rapidly, without analization.It is incredibly obvious that all the so-called pain and suffering that Raskolnikov feels is untrue, silly, and backed by no support. It would be incredulously moronic to attempt to view it from another point of understanding. People are entitled to their own opinions but the beliefs of the at error majority should not overbear the beliefs of the correct minority. Acceptance of a theory without analysis of it

Biography of Olympe de Gouges, French Activist

Biography of Olympe de Gouges, French Activist Olympe de Gouges (born Marie Gouze; May 7, 1748–November 3, 1793) was a French writer and activist who promoted womens rights and the abolition of slavery. Her most famous work was the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, the publication of which resulted in Gouges being tried and convicted of treason. She was executed in 1783 during the Reign of Terror. Fast Facts: Olympe de Gouges Known For: Gouges was a French activist who fought for womens rights; she wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female CitizenAlso Known As: Marie GouzeBorn: May 7, 1748 in Montauban, FranceDied: November 3, 1793 in Paris, FrancePublished Works: Letter to the People, or Project for a Patriotic Fund (1788), Patriotic Remarks (1789), Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791)Spouse: Louis Aubry (m.  1765-1766)Children: Pierre Aubry de GougesNotable Quote: Woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights. Social distinctions can be based only on the common utility. Early Life Olympe de Gouges was born on May 7, 1748, in southwestern France. At the age of 16, she was married against her wishes to a man named Louis Aubry, who died a year later. De Gouges moved to Paris in 1770, where she started a theater company and became involved in the growing abolitionist movement. Plays After joining the theater community in Paris, Gouges began writing her own plays, many of which dealt explicitly with issues such as slavery, male-female relations, childrens rights, and unemployment. Gouges was critical of French colonialism and used her work to draw attention to social ills. Her work, however, was often met with hostile criticism and ridicule from the male-dominated literary establishment. Some critics even questioned whether she was the true author of the works to which shed signed her name. Activism From 1789- beginning with the French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen- until 1944, French women were not allowed to vote, meaning they did not have the full rights of citizenship. This was the case even though women were active in the French Revolution, and many assumed that such rights were theirs by virtue of their participation in that historic liberation struggle. Gouges, a playwright of some note at the time of the Revolution, spoke for not only herself but many of the women of France when in 1791 she wrote and published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen. Modeled after the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen by the National Assembly, Gouges declaration echoed the same language and extended it to women. As many feminists have done since then, Gouges both asserted womans capability to reason and make moral decisions and pointed to the feminine virtues of emotion and feeling. A woman was not simply the same as a man; she was his equal partner. The French version of the titles of the two declarations makes this mirroring a bit clearer. In French, Gouges manifesto was the Dà ©claration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne―not just woman contrasted with man, but citoyenne contrasted with citoyen. Unfortunately, Gouges assumed too much. She assumed she had the right to even act as a member of the public and to assert the rights of women by authoring such a declaration. She violated boundaries that most of the revolutionary leaders wanted to preserve. Among the most controversial ideas in Gouges Declaration was the assertion that women, as citizens, had the right to free speech, and therefore had the right to reveal the identity of the fathers of their children―a right that women of the time were not assumed to have. She assumed a right of children born out of legitimate marriage to full equality to those born in marriage: this called into question the assumption that only men had the freedom to satisfy their sexual desire outside of marriage, and that such freedom on the part of men could be exercised without fear of corresponding responsibility. It also called into question the assumption that only women were agents of reproduction―men, Gouges proposal implied, were also part of the reproduction of society, and not just political, rational citizens. If men were seen sharing the reproduction role, perhaps women should be members of the political and public sphere of society. Death For refusing to be silent on the rights of women―and for associating with the wrong side, the Girondists, and criticizing the Jacobins, as the Revolution became embroiled in new conflicts―Olympe de Gouges was arrested in July 1793, four years after the Revolution began. She was sent to the guillotine in November of that year and was beheaded. A contemporary report of her death said: Olympe de Gouges, born with an exalted imagination, mistook her delirium for an inspiration of nature. She wanted to be a man of state. She took up the projects of the perfidious people who want to divide France. It seems the law has punished this conspirator for having forgotten the virtues that belong to her sex. In the midst of a revolution to extend rights to more men, Olympe de Gouges had the audacity to argue that women, too, should benefit. Her contemporaries were clear that her punishment was, in part, for forgetting her proper place and violating the boundaries set for women. Legacy Gouges ideas continued to influence women in France and abroad after her death. Her essay Declaration of the Rights of Woman was reprinted by like-minded radicals, inspiring Mary Wollstonecrafts Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792. Americans were inspired by Gouges as well; during the 1848 Womens Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, activists produced the Declaration of Sentiments, an expression of female empowerment that borrowed from Gouges style. Sources Duby, Georges, et al.  Emerging Feminism from Revolution to World War. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1995.Roessler, Shirley Elson.  Out of the Shadows: Women and Politics in the French Revolution, 1789-95. Peter Lang, 2009.Scott, Joan Wallach.  Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man. Harvard University Press, 2004.